1
Shadda ّ
A small 'w' shape above the letter — pronounce the consonant twice as strong.
رَبَّنَا
Rabbanā — 'Our Lord'. Note the doubled 'b'.
Intermediate
Doubling and 'n' endings
Two more marks that appear constantly in the Qur'an: shadda (doubled consonant) and tanween (final 'n' sound).
A small 'w' shape above the letter — pronounce the consonant twice as strong.
رَبَّنَا
Rabbanā — 'Our Lord'. Note the doubled 'b'.
Double fatha — adds an 'an' at the end.
كِتَابًا
kitāban — 'a book'
Double kasra — adds an 'in' at the end.
كِتَابٍ
kitābin — 'of a book'
Double damma — adds an 'un' at the end.
كِتَابٌ
kitābun — 'a book'