1
Khari Zabar — vertical fatha ٰ
A small dagger-alif above a letter behaves exactly like a full alif of madd. Very common in words like 'Allah' and 'Rahmān'.
اللَّٰه الرَّحْمَٰن هَٰذَا
Allah · ar-Rahmān · hādhā — hold the 'aa'.
Intermediate
Standing Harakat & Dagger Alif
Small marks that stretch the sound
In the Mus-haf you will meet vertical fatha, standing kasra, and inverted damma. Each one behaves like a long vowel — hold the sound for 2 counts — even though no ا و ي is written.
2
Khari Zer — standing kasra
A vertical kasra below a letter behaves like a long ya of madd — a stretched 'ee'.
بِـهِۦ
Read the pronoun 'hi' as a long 'hī'.
3
Ulti Pesh — inverted damma ۥ
A reversed damma behaves like a long waw of madd — a stretched 'oo'.
لَهُۥ
Read 'lahu' as a long 'lahū'.
4
Rule of thumb
If you see any small standing mark, extend the sound for two counts — it is a madd in disguise.
ذَٰلِكَ
dhālika — the standing fatha stretches the 'aa'.